Within the last couple of weeks, I decided to look into printing internal threads. The first thing I found is that most people either use threaded inserts or they'll mold a hex-shaped pocket to hold a standard-sized nut that snaps into the pocket. Still, there are plastics that can be tapped essentially like we'd tap metal. If I wanted threaded plastic, I could print a cylinder with high enough fill rate that it comes out essentially solid, drill a hole in it and tap it. Or I could print a cylinder with a hole the diameter of the drill bit that I'd use to prepare aluminum for tapping. That would eliminate one manual step; why not go one step farther and print the internal threads?
Right now, the defaults in my slicer software are to print layers 0.2mm thick (just under 0.008"), so think about what the thread would look like sliced like that. The print head will be moving in or out with respect to the center with every layer, and it's possible there's a discontinuity - a little skip or jag from layer to layer. That made me think that it would interesting to test this with a thread that's at least 5 or 6 times the layer thickness.
I figured I'd try to print a 1/4-20 internal thread. Each turn is .050 and .008" is a bit less than 1/6 of the pitch. Then I said, "why not print 6-32 thread, too; it doesn't cost that much more". The distance between thread peaks is 1/32" or .031, so .008 jumps layer to layer are relatively big - 1/4 of the pitch. The first two threaded parts I got off the printer acted funny. The holes looked too small and then a screw wouldn't even start. Eventually I measured the parts and found they were about 2% too small.
These are the first two pieces before removing from the printer. If you look into the one on the left, the 1/4-20, you can see what looks like a flat on the side of the hole closest to the camera. Now strain a little and see the same feature on the right. Look a little closer at the ends on the print bed and you'll see a rim that's wider than the rest of the piece. I don't really understand that, but that's secondary to them being the wrong size.
I've built three CNC systems, two mills and a lathe, and the first step before running a program was to calibrate the systems in the motion controller. You tell it a calculated number of steps per inch, then test how far it goes by putting a dial indicator on the tool and telling it to go 1.000". For example, if you use a common 200 step per revolution motor, you combine that with the number of turns of the lead screw to move 1.000"; for the .050 inch per turn lead screws on the Sherline, you multiply 200 steps per turn times 20 turns, to get 4000 steps. When it doesn't go 1.000", you scale your numbers to make it match. I can find no way of doing that for the printer, so I scaled up my drawings by 2% and reprinted.
That did it. When I tap a hole in metal, the last steps I take are to get any metal chips from the threading out, and verify it by cleaning out the threads with a screw. The two parts were tight, but both of them worked fine after I ran a screw through the length of the part, which removed some plastic slivers from the inside.
The trick to this view is the wider rim is at the top. I started threading from the top end. For scale, those cylinders are supposed to be exactly 3/8" OD. Scaling got them closer.
The word of the day is calibration. I never really checked anything I've printed so far, but I've noticed that wider area on the bottom (printer bed) before. The software equivalent to where I did the steps per inch calibration I was describing above is built into the printer. The wider rim doesn't show up in the Cura slicer software I'm using, so some more troubleshooting of just what's going on here is next on the agenda.
Oh, and it's worth ending on this note. While these would work as plastic standoffs for something like a circuit board in a home project, and they cost about a penny's worth of filament each, I think it would be a better use of resources to buy a bagful of standoffs from some company. The place for this might well be replacing a standoff in a vintage piece of gear (radio, audio, video...) that broke. Then design one to match as best you can.
Right now, the defaults in my slicer software are to print layers 0.2mm thick (just under 0.008"), so think about what the thread would look like sliced like that. The print head will be moving in or out with respect to the center with every layer, and it's possible there's a discontinuity - a little skip or jag from layer to layer. That made me think that it would interesting to test this with a thread that's at least 5 or 6 times the layer thickness.
I figured I'd try to print a 1/4-20 internal thread. Each turn is .050 and .008" is a bit less than 1/6 of the pitch. Then I said, "why not print 6-32 thread, too; it doesn't cost that much more". The distance between thread peaks is 1/32" or .031, so .008 jumps layer to layer are relatively big - 1/4 of the pitch. The first two threaded parts I got off the printer acted funny. The holes looked too small and then a screw wouldn't even start. Eventually I measured the parts and found they were about 2% too small.
These are the first two pieces before removing from the printer. If you look into the one on the left, the 1/4-20, you can see what looks like a flat on the side of the hole closest to the camera. Now strain a little and see the same feature on the right. Look a little closer at the ends on the print bed and you'll see a rim that's wider than the rest of the piece. I don't really understand that, but that's secondary to them being the wrong size.
I've built three CNC systems, two mills and a lathe, and the first step before running a program was to calibrate the systems in the motion controller. You tell it a calculated number of steps per inch, then test how far it goes by putting a dial indicator on the tool and telling it to go 1.000". For example, if you use a common 200 step per revolution motor, you combine that with the number of turns of the lead screw to move 1.000"; for the .050 inch per turn lead screws on the Sherline, you multiply 200 steps per turn times 20 turns, to get 4000 steps. When it doesn't go 1.000", you scale your numbers to make it match. I can find no way of doing that for the printer, so I scaled up my drawings by 2% and reprinted.
That did it. When I tap a hole in metal, the last steps I take are to get any metal chips from the threading out, and verify it by cleaning out the threads with a screw. The two parts were tight, but both of them worked fine after I ran a screw through the length of the part, which removed some plastic slivers from the inside.
The trick to this view is the wider rim is at the top. I started threading from the top end. For scale, those cylinders are supposed to be exactly 3/8" OD. Scaling got them closer.
The word of the day is calibration. I never really checked anything I've printed so far, but I've noticed that wider area on the bottom (printer bed) before. The software equivalent to where I did the steps per inch calibration I was describing above is built into the printer. The wider rim doesn't show up in the Cura slicer software I'm using, so some more troubleshooting of just what's going on here is next on the agenda.
Oh, and it's worth ending on this note. While these would work as plastic standoffs for something like a circuit board in a home project, and they cost about a penny's worth of filament each, I think it would be a better use of resources to buy a bagful of standoffs from some company. The place for this might well be replacing a standoff in a vintage piece of gear (radio, audio, video...) that broke. Then design one to match as best you can.
your getting elephants foot in your print. rafts work but you end up with more waste, or you can make your model have a chamfer to account for the "elephant foot" few other fixes if you search for something like "3d printing elephants foot fix"
ReplyDeleteYep, that's what it looks like to me
DeleteThere's a setting in the slicer that deals with this issue of material shrinkage/inconsistent extrusion called "horizontal expansion".
DeleteI suggest you search with that term for some suggestions.
But of course CHEP has a video on it.
https://youtu.be/UUelLZvDelU
This is the first time I've heard about elephant's foot, so the term will be helpful.
DeleteRight after writing this, I looked at some open tabs I had. One was CTRL+Pew, a 3D printed gun site.
Their Complete Guide to Getting Started includes a link to all3dp.com on calibrating the step numbers - after it calibrates the extruder first.
I'd swear that within the last week, YouTube offered me a Chep video on calibrating the printer. I went to his page and looked for it but couldn't find it.
On one part I wanted a partial fill through most of the body, but a solid area to put a screw into. So I filled the thread region up with epoxy and drilled and tapped that.
ReplyDeleteThat seems like a good idea and workaround about not using a threaded insert.
DeleteI went to McMaster Carr to look up threaded inserts and without a specific part type or number to look for, I could spend a day picking out a threaded insert.
I managed to machine the internal and external threads for the PVC lampshade adapter, but it would have been so much easier to print it.
ReplyDeleteI remember seeing a 3D print of an adjustable wrench.
Not printed and then assembled, but printed as one piece and the adjusting screw moves the jaws.
Yep. Like this one.
https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:139268
Buying a printer is moving closer.
Not sure what material you're printing with but ABS will shrink 2-3% as it cools.
ReplyDelete30 Years ago I worked in a large foundry [Grey iron and ductile] and we tried to find a way to cast iron with threaded bolt holes. The best method was with a investment cast type process that used a styrofoam mold core. It was close but never consistant enough to work. It would have saved the company tremendous amont of money in drill bits and taps that we were buying.
ReplyDelete